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[Music]

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[Applause]

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time and again we have been bowled over

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by the indescribable foreignness of

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other worlds and I wanted to take a few

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minutes this morning just to talk about

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the idea of looking for life as we don't

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know it so picking up where Dave left

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off I would argue that looking for life

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as we do know it has been a terrific

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starting point as we've gotten our feet

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wet with astrobiology especially for a

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planet like Mars we're never gonna find

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another planet more similar to earth in

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the solar system Mars and Earth had

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these thick carbon dioxide atmospheres

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protective magnetic fields silicate

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crust at least some episodic water early

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in their histories around the time life

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was getting started here on earth and we

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know that up to a billion tons of rocks

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were likely exchanged early in the

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histories and there's a possibility that

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we could have just kind of caught life

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from the next planet over that life on

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earth and life on Mars might be

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ancestrally related and we've developed

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as Dave mentioned these really robust

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approaches for Terran life detection we

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know how to look for these

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well-established widely accepted

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identified NT fires of biologic

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processes and because we're starting

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with what we know it's a lot easier to

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interpret the data we've got signals

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that can be very rich and information

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and importantly I think we have much

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stronger understanding of taphonomy what

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happens when an organism dies you know

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we might not find a dinosaur in the

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rocky mountains but we don't have to

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because we can find a dinosaur bone and

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the same thing is true with molecular

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fossilization we can even if we lose a

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bunch of functional groups we can still

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identify what was once there but as we

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expand deeper into the solar system I

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think it's really important that we're

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thinking about these new targets and the

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possibilities for life there and the

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ideas of developing tools and techniques

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that that go beyond just life as we know

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it I think are gonna be especially

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important we've got a whole bevy of new

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moons that we are suddenly able to

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target much more sophisticated ly with

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these new solar propulsion technologies

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huge rockets

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the SLS and when we think about you know

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what might the same molecular building

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blocks of life in a world like Titan

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look like where water's not even your

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solvent you know you've got these

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hydrocarbon lakes as seen in this

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Cassini radar image we just need to

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think broader so NASA is recently funded

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through its astrobiology program a team

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of investigators called the laboratory

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for agnostic bio signatures or a lab and

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I just wanted to talk through a few

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examples of the things that we're

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working on to target these agnostic bio

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signatures and just to be clear when I

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say agnostic what what I'm really

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talking about is without presupposing

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any underlying biochemistry any

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particular molecular framework so not

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necessarily life that's even

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carbon-based just thinking as broadly as

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possible and and it comes at an exciting

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time this is a report from the NASA

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Astrobiology strategy was out a few

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months ago saying you know this is a

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great time to think about research on

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novel and agnostic bio signatures kind

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of how it is we look for life as we

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don't know it how we can contend with

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the truly alien so just the doctor a few

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examples so so one idea is the safety of

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chemical complexity and as my colleague

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and lab Kelly Cronin likes to say if you

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find a 747 on the surface of Mars you

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may not know how I got there but it

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probably wasn't random and so a neat

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paper then you put out I have about a

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year and a half ago was really asking

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what's the simplest way we can instruct

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a molecule from its parts taking with

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the simplifying feature duplication

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because you can get high molecular

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weight polymers that aren't necessarily

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complex they're just repeating small

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subunits and so as you can see with this

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example biphenyl you could simplify that

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into a construction process that just

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requires six steps and you can start to

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explore chemical space and you can see

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that simple molecules like glycine can

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be assigned an index of four much more

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complicated molecules like ATP can be

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assigned an index of 21 so this is

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adding a new element or a new type of

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bond a new feature

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um and what leads found is that there

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appears to be this threshold above which

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it's very unlikely that you don't have

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machinery biological machinery

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associated with creating that molecule

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and so that's not taking into account

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anything about what the actual chemical

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constituents of that molecule are so

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Lee's got a terrific talk about this

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Thursday morning at 11:30 for folks that

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are interested in how his algorithms are

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coming along along similar lines we're

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also working on this idea of molecular

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complementarity so one of the most

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exciting things I think that's happened

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in the world of genomics is we've had

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miniaturization and sequencing

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technologies so now we have these

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handheld sequencers that can only wait

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85 grams and draw a lot of power and you

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know for folks that create instruments

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for spacecraft this is half the battle

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just getting something down this small

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so NASA is currently funding two teams

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through matisse and cold tech to develop

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nanopore sequencers to send into space

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they've been tested in extreme

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environments down here in Antarctica as

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well as off at the International Space

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Station

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and one thing you might say well

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sequencing that's looking for nucleic

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acids that's not agnostic you know and

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and so even though these kinds of

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technologies might be able to be used

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for non-standard bases prints you'll

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even informational polymers what we've

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been most excited on my team is about

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this idea of harnessing the power of

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sequencing to explore complexity of

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surfaces and so this is not necessarily

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looking for any life that has nucleic

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acids involved but the idea is that you

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could take libraries of millions of

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randomly generated short oligos so

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strands of DNA and RNA there were just

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3050 base pairs in length and they'll

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naturally curl up and have secondary and

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tertiary structures and they'll bind to

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a wide variety of analytes and so we're

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talking about peptides and proteins

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small organics inorganics like mineral

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surfaces of course from the RNA world we

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know RNAi sticks to montmorillonite and

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even metals and they'll bind with the

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same sort of specificities and

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affinities as antibodies and so the idea

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if you can just imagine

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simple sort of end member say you have a

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simple little mineral grain versus a

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cell and even the most primitive cell on

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earth contains a vast amount of

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information patterned on its surface if

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you were to incubate with libraries of

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millions randomly generated oligos some

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very very small proportion of those

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would bind and they bind again with

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these very high specificities and and

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affinities and if you've got a surface

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with a lot of binding sites a lot of

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different analytes they could bind to

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you'll have many more diverse sequences

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detected versus something simple like a

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repeating crystalline structure and

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because these reporters that we'd be

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using are nucleic acids instead of

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proteins we could amplify them up using

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the PCR polymerase chain reaction and we

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think this could have a lot of potential

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especially for ocean worlds where key

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Melissa trophic life might be much much

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lower biomass than we're expecting here

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on earth where we have photosynthetic

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life so related talks exciting ones just

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following this session in the agnostic

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bio signatures session by M lab coli

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sandy Ellington and Eric Hanson at UT

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those are going to be in the Cedar

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Ballroom this morning we also have just

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this idea of compartmentalization and

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chemical fractionation can we find

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separation from an environment as an

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agnostic bio signature so here are just

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some nano Sims images or you can see

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really different compartments can can

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light up and we might be able to look at

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this and these are the kinds of things

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that Chris house has been working on in

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his laboratory at Penn State but we have

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lots of excitement about where this

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might take us and then also energy

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transfer for extant life this is this

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wonderful quote life is nothing but an

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electron looking for a place to rest

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so we've long known that microbes can

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utilize minerals as electron acceptors

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you can use insoluble ferric oxide for

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example and what turns out is that the

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electrochemical properties of abiotic

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and biotic oxidation actually look

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different and it's apparent and even the

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simplest of setups as shown here you get

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this market and sustained increase in

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voltage and these little reactors that

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have microbial communities that

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been inoculated this is every time iron

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sulfide tailings are added in this

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simple setup so this is something Pete

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Girgis has been working on and we'll be

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talking more about Friday morning and in

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collaboration with Jana DOE and other co

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I on our team also this possibility of

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setting these specific potentials so

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this last image is it's these glass

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lithographically etched glass slides and

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you can look at these chips and you can

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set these very specific potentials and

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you could cycle through looking to

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discover possible energetic niches for

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extraterrestrial microbes so now some of

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these techniques we need some time these

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are very low TRL some of them are more

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at the concept stage that needs to be

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developed but others are higher heritage

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and so trying to think about how we can

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translate these concepts to actual

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missions I think is where the rubber

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hits the road the one opportunity that I

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wanted to talk about that's pretty

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immediate is this idea of translating to

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say Mars mission so MoMA the Mars

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organic molecule analyzer is um is an

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instrument that's gonna be sent on the

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ExoMars Rover that launches next summer

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will land the following spring MoMA is a

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really fantastic instrument it's a grass

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come out of grass mass spectrometer

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coupled to a laser desorption mass

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spectrometer it's got this incredible

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range not only for high molecular weight

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stuff but also things that aren't easily

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volatilized to big advantage is moma and

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LDL smoking actually detect these heavy

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organic compounds even in the presence

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of perchlorates which has been really

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steaming every time we heat samples

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above 200 degrees celsius with pyrolysis

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perchlorates released these reactive

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gases that make it hard to that obscure

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the signals but MoMA can avoid this

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problem and it also can analyze

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structure using its ms/ms mode so if

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you've got a peak that's of interest a

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particularly interesting peak you can

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zoom in on it and create its own

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fragmentation pattern and so we've been

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doing ongoing work at Goddard Space

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Flight Center which has been responsible

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for building MoMA building this whole

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training set using these flight capable

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instrument bed boards and flight

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prototypes see if we can start pulling

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out complexity information working in

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close collaboration with lea and his

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complexity work as well but um this is

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just one example say here's this really

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interesting peak at 825 Dalton's we

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isolate it and we look at the ms/ms

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pattern we see these mass units that are

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repeating they're separated by the same

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mass units and so what this actually is

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indicative indicating is that this is a

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polymer which indeed it is and if you

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saw a pattern like this you would not

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think this is a complex molecule but

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we're trying to explore chemical space

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and do this for lots of different things

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to build this training set so that we

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can work with colleagues at the Santa Fe

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Institute on our project trying to

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develop these machine learning

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capabilities where we can take this data

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and translate it into to you know data

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processing techniques so one thing I

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will say that's important to note is

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that these agnostic techniques are gonna

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trade definitiveness for inclusivity

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it's never going to be as definitive as

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say finding a whole pane or a DNA

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sequence but one thing that we're

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fortunate is when we send missions off

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into space we usually get to send a

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package of instruments not just one

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instrument and so we've got a whole wing

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of our project thinking along the lines

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of computation and theoretical

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approaches how we can start combining

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multiple techniques data streams from

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that maybe lots of different bio hints

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together and using Bayesian networks

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trying to convert these measurements

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into thresholds and likelihoods trying

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to push away from this life for a

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no-life binary into okay this is three

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sigma away from what we might expect

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with abiotic processes and I think

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Sarah's going to touch on some of these

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cool data interpretation strategies as

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well so I'll leave it there but I just

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want to say thank you so much to NASA

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for this tremendous opportunity and and

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we're proud of net enfold the network

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for life detection which is um you know

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I think Nikki's gonna tell you about

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some events we have within fold this

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week that you're all welcome to join for

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and so I'll leave it there